SWARNALI GHOSH| DATE: MAY 09, 2025 Introduction In an era where data privacy is paramount and cyber threats are increasingly sophisticated, organisations face the challenge of enhancing their cybersecurity measures without compromising sensitive information. Federated learning (FL) emerges as a revolutionary approach, enabling collaborative cybersecurity efforts without the need to share raw data. In an era where cyber threats are growing in sophistication and scale, organisations face a...

SWARNALI GHOSH | DATE: JUNE 25, 2025 Introduction: The Invisible Lifelines of the Digital Age Beneath the ocean’s surface, hidden from sight, lies the world’s most critical—and vulnerable—digital infrastructure: undersea internet cables. These fibre-optic veins carry over 95% of global internet traffic, connecting continents, powering financial markets, and enabling everything from video calls to military communications. In recent years, undersea cables have become a battleground in...

SWARNALI GHOSH | DATE: JUNE 20, 2025 Introduction   As the digital battlefield becomes the new theatre of war, legal scholars, governments, tech giants, and humanitarian organizations are asking: where do we draw the line? The existing Geneva Conventions, forged in an era of trenches and tanks, were never designed to apply to cyber operations. But with everything from power grids and hospitals to financial markets now targetable by code, the question of whether we need a “cyber Geneva...